[中国航运论坛]---业务交流区---散杂货租船---燃油是如何分类的？

汽车的燃油主要有两种，就是汽油和柴油。飞机用的是航空煤油。
汽油的分类是按照它所含的辛烷值分类的，如90＃，97＃等，辛烷值越高，汽车产生的爆燃的几率越小，也就对发动机越有好处。所以大部分高档车都选用标号较高的汽油。
柴油的分类是按照它的冰点算的，0＃代表气温低于0摄氏度时，它会凝结成固体。同理－10＃代表－10摄氏度时才凝结成固体，这就是北方冬天柴油车都采用标号较低的缘故，防止燃油被冻上

Bunker Fuel Grades - How do the four main fuel grades differ from each other?

The International Standard Organization (ISO) in cooperation with marine and petroleum industry prepared specifications to meet the requirements for marine fuels supplied world wide for use onboard ships. There are 19 categories of residual fuels available internationally. Out of these 19, four categories or grades are most frequently supplied and used by ships.
Industrial names for the four grades are IFO180, IFO380, MDO and MGO. These relate to the ISO grades RME25, RMG35, DMB and DMA respectively. Industrial nomenclature is based on the fuel viscosity at 50°C. IFO 180 indicates that the viscosity of the fuel is 180 cSt at 50°C and IFO 380 fuel will have a viscosity of 380 cSt at 50°C. MDO stands for Marine Diesel Oil which is a blend of gas oil and heavy oil. MGO is marine gas oil which is clear and not blended with heavy fuel.

ISO has specified 11 parameters for residual fuels and 14 parameters for distillate fuels. A specified grade of fuel should meet all the requirements set by ISO. See links to the ISO 8217 table showing all the grades and the requirements below.

IFO180 or RME25 has about 6 to 7 % gas oil in it where as IFO380 or RMG35 has about 3% gas oil. Because of the higher gas oil content, price of the IFO180 is higher than the heavier IFO380 grade. In addition to the difference in the gas oil content, requirements for 4 out of 11 parameters are different for the two grades. As you can see from the table, maximum for viscosity, carbon residue, ash content and Vanadium are different for the two grades.

MDO or DMB is a blend of heavy fuel and gas oil and they are cheaper than pure MGO or DMA. Requirements are different for both the grades. The ISO 8217 table (see below) clearly indicates the differences.

ISO 8217:2005(F) fuel quality standard for RESIDUAL marine fuels.

Parameter	Unit	Limit	RMA 30	RMB 30	RMD 80	RME 180	RMF 180	RMG 380	RMH 380	RMK 380	RMH 700	RMK 700
Density at 15 °C	kg/m3	Max	960.0	975.0	980.0	991.0		991.0		1010.0	991.0	1010.0
Viscosity at 50°C	mm2/s	Max	30.0		80.0	180.0		380.0			700
Water	% V/V	Max	0.5		0.5	0.5		0.5			0.5
Micro Carbon Residue	% m/m	Max	10		14	15	20	18	22		22
Sulfur ¹	% m/m	Max	3.5		4.00	4.50		4.50			4.50
Ash	% m/m	Max	0.10		0.10	0.10	0.15	0.15	0.15		0.15
Vanadium	mg/kg	Max	150		350	200	500	300	600		600
Flash point	°C	Min	60		60	60		60			60
Pour point, Summer	°C	Max	6	24	30	30		30			30
Pour point, Winter	°C	Max	0	24	30	30		30			30
Aluminium + Silicon	mg/kg	Max	80		80	80		80			80
Total Sediment Potential	% m/m	Max	0.10		0.10	0.10		0.10			0.10
Zinc ²	mg/kg	Max	15
Phosphorus ²	mg/kg	Max	15
Calcium ²	mg/kg	Max	30

¹: A sulfur limit of 1.5% m/m will apply in SOx Emission Control Areas designated by the International Maritime Organization, when its relevant Protocol comes into force. There may be local variations.

²: The Fuel shall be free of ULO.
A Fuel is considered to be free of ULO if one or more of the elements are below the limits.All three elements shall exceed the limits before deemed to contain ULO.

The table above taken from ISO 8217 Third Edition 2005-11-01 Petroleum products - Fuels (class F) - Specifications of marine fuels has been reproduced with the permission of the International Organization for Standardization, ISO. This standard and any other referenced ISO standard ban be obtained from any member body or directly from the Central Secretariat, ISO, Case postal 56, 1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland. Copyright remains with ISO.

ISO 8217:2005(F) fuel quality standard for distillate marine fuels.

Parameter	Unit	Limit	DMX	DMA	DMB	DMC
Density at 15 °C	kg/m3	Max	-	890.0	900.0	920.0
Viscosity at 40 ° C	mm2/s	Max	5.5	6.0	11.0	14.0
Viscosity at 40 ° C	mm2/s	Min	1.4	1.5	-	-
Micro Carbon Residue at 10% Residue	% m/m	Max	0.30	0.30	-	-
Micro Carbon Residue	% m/m	Max	-	-	0.30	2.50
Water	% V/V	Max	-	-	0.3	0.3
Sulfur ¹	% (m/m)	Max	1.0	1.5	2.0	2.0
Total Sediment Existent	% m/m	Max	-	-	0.10	0.10
Ash	% m/m	Max	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.05
Vanadium	mg/kg	Max	-	-	-	100
Aluminium + Silicon	mg/kg	Max	-	-	-	25
Flash point	°C	Min	43	60	60	60
Pour point, Summer	°C	Max	-	0	6	6
Pour point, Winter	°C	Max	-	-6	0	0
Cloud point	°C	Max	-16	-	-	-
Calculated Cetane Index		Min	45	40	35	-
Appearance			Clear & Bright		-	-
Zinc ²	mg/kg	Max	-		-	15
Phosphorus ²	mg/kg	Max	-		-	15
Calcium ²	mg/kg	Max	-		-	30

²: The Fuel shall be free of ULO.
A Fuel is considered to be free of ULO if one or more of the elements are below the limits.All three elements shall exceed the limits before deemed to contain ULO.

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